Tampilkan postingan dengan label Are Doctors Men of Science? By G.B Shaw. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label Are Doctors Men of Science? By G.B Shaw. Tampilkan semua postingan

Kamis, 23 Maret 2017

Ba English Modern Examine Hosts As Well As Guests Past Times Max Beerbohm

Hosts in addition to Guests
By Max Beerbohm

Max Beerbohm is regarded equally the best essayist parodist in addition to cartoonist of his age. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford in addition to was a pop figure inwards London s’ artistic in addition to stylish circles.

‘Host in addition to Guests’ is a humorous seek inwards which Beerbohm describes the qualities of the hosts in addition to the guests. He thinks that mankind tin endure divided to a greater extent than oft than non into ii categories: hosts in addition to guests. The departure the betwixt the ii is non only circumstantial in addition to detail but also temperamental in addition to general. Every human existence has either the positive in addition to active instinct of existence a host or the negative in addition to passive instinct of existence a guest. Hosts are those who own got the natural instinct to serve others in addition to guests are those who desire to endure served.

The character of hospitality is alone a human character in addition to it has developed piece of cake amongst the evolution of the civilization. The cavemen did non entertain others because they were afraid of existence killed yesteryear the hosts inwards their caves. The character of hospitality developed piece of cake equally human beings were organized into groups. However the history of hospitality is amount of painful incidents, the author tells us that though the Israelites were considered to endure the tabular array salt of the world, notwithstanding the treachery of the Jael was condemnable.

In the same means the Greeks cultured but Odysseus killed his guests nether his ain room. The Romans were at the peak of civilization inwards the fifteenth century, but Borgias concealed toxicant inwards their cellars for their guests. Yet the Scotch s’ hospitality is proverbial. It was Scotland that offset formed hospitality amongst the basic main that the invitee must endure honored in addition to protected at all cost.

Discussing hospitality inwards the acquaint world, the author says that it is conventional for the rich to give in addition to for the pitiable to accept equally a resultant of which the rich commonly snuff it hosts in addition to the pitiable commonly snuff it the guests. But this cannot endure regarded equally a dominion because neither all the pitiable are guests nor all the rich are ever the hosts. Most of the fourth dimension it is exactly the affair of one’s’ temperament. However, a host equally a invitee is far worse than the invitee equally a host. 

The author says that similar other boys he himself was a invitee yesteryear nature but he oft entertained his friends at the eating seat in addition to was ever afraid of the shortage of the coin inwards his pocket. The author feels that the guests must endure obliged to their hosts but many times it is non so. Many guests similar Dante are oft ungrateful to their hosts.



Difficult words amongst Urdu Meaning
English
Urdu
Parodist
مزاحیہ انداز میں  نقالی کرنے والا
Circumstantial
حالات پر منحصر ہونا
Instinct
فطری جبلت  ,پیدائشی عادت
Hospitality
مہمان نوازی
Civilization
تہذیب
Entertained
مہمان کی خاطر مدارت کرنا
Israelites
اسرائیلی
Jael (Yeal)
ایک عورت جس نے سزرا کو  دھوکے سے قتل کیا تھا
Condemnable
قابلِ  مزمت
Borgia
سپین کے  اندر ایک خاندان جو سیاسی اور مذہبی قوت بن کر ابھرے تھے لیکن وہ اپنے مہمانوں کو زہر دے کر قتل کر دیتے تھے
Concealed
چھپا دینا
Proverbial
ایسی چیز جو مثالی ہو
Ungrateful
نا شکر گزار ہونا
Temperament
مزاج
Dante
اٹلی کا ایک مشہور شاعر تھا


مفہوم


اس مضمون کے اندر مصنف بڑے مزاحیہ انداز سے انسانوں کی فطری جبلت  مہمان یا میزبان ہونے کی کو پیش کرتا ہے ۔ وہ انسانوں کو دو گرہوں میں تقسیم کرتا ہے ۔ ایک گروہ وہ ہے جو پیدائشی میزبان ہوتے ہیں اور دوسرا گروہ وہ ہے جو پیداِشی مہمان ہوتے ہیں۔ مہمان نوازی کی عادت انسان کی مثبت خصوصیت ہے جو آہستہ آہستہ تہذیب کی ترقی کے ساتھ ساتھ پیدا ہوئی۔ لیکن مہمان نوازی کی تاریخ کافی کرب ناک ہے۔ وقت کی ترقی کے ساتھ ساتھ مہمان نوازی  کےطریقے بھی بدل گئے ہیں۔ آج کے دور میں امیروں کو مہمان  نواز سمجھا جاتا ہے اور غریبوں کو اچھا  مہمان سمجھا جاتا ہے حالنکہ ہر امیر مہمان دار  نہیں ہوتا اور ہر غریب مہمان نہیں 
ہوتا  ، حالات اس کے برعکس  بھی ہو سکتے ہیں 

Max Beerbohm is regarded equally the best essayist parodist in addition to cartoonist of his historic menses BA English linguistic communication Modern Essay Hosts in addition to Guests By Max Beerbohm

Ba English Modern Examine Hosts As Well As Guests Past Times Max Beerbohm

Hosts in addition to Guests
By Max Beerbohm

Max Beerbohm is regarded equally the best essayist parodist in addition to cartoonist of his age. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford in addition to was a pop figure inwards London s’ artistic in addition to stylish circles.

‘Host in addition to Guests’ is a humorous seek inwards which Beerbohm describes the qualities of the hosts in addition to the guests. He thinks that mankind tin endure divided to a greater extent than oft than non into ii categories: hosts in addition to guests. The departure the betwixt the ii is non only circumstantial in addition to detail but also temperamental in addition to general. Every human existence has either the positive in addition to active instinct of existence a host or the negative in addition to passive instinct of existence a guest. Hosts are those who own got the natural instinct to serve others in addition to guests are those who desire to endure served.

The character of hospitality is alone a human character in addition to it has developed piece of cake amongst the evolution of the civilization. The cavemen did non entertain others because they were afraid of existence killed yesteryear the hosts inwards their caves. The character of hospitality developed piece of cake equally human beings were organized into groups. However the history of hospitality is amount of painful incidents, the author tells us that though the Israelites were considered to endure the tabular array salt of the world, notwithstanding the treachery of the Jael was condemnable.

In the same means the Greeks cultured but Odysseus killed his guests nether his ain room. The Romans were at the peak of civilization inwards the fifteenth century, but Borgias concealed toxicant inwards their cellars for their guests. Yet the Scotch s’ hospitality is proverbial. It was Scotland that offset formed hospitality amongst the basic main that the invitee must endure honored in addition to protected at all cost.

Discussing hospitality inwards the acquaint world, the author says that it is conventional for the rich to give in addition to for the pitiable to accept equally a resultant of which the rich commonly snuff it hosts in addition to the pitiable commonly snuff it the guests. But this cannot endure regarded equally a dominion because neither all the pitiable are guests nor all the rich are ever the hosts. Most of the fourth dimension it is exactly the affair of one’s’ temperament. However, a host equally a invitee is far worse than the invitee equally a host. 

The author says that similar other boys he himself was a invitee yesteryear nature but he oft entertained his friends at the eating seat in addition to was ever afraid of the shortage of the coin inwards his pocket. The author feels that the guests must endure obliged to their hosts but many times it is non so. Many guests similar Dante are oft ungrateful to their hosts.



Difficult words amongst Urdu Meaning
English
Urdu
Parodist
مزاحیہ انداز میں  نقالی کرنے والا
Circumstantial
حالات پر منحصر ہونا
Instinct
فطری جبلت  ,پیدائشی عادت
Hospitality
مہمان نوازی
Civilization
تہذیب
Entertained
مہمان کی خاطر مدارت کرنا
Israelites
اسرائیلی
Jael (Yeal)
ایک عورت جس نے سزرا کو  دھوکے سے قتل کیا تھا
Condemnable
قابلِ  مزمت
Borgia
سپین کے  اندر ایک خاندان جو سیاسی اور مذہبی قوت بن کر ابھرے تھے لیکن وہ اپنے مہمانوں کو زہر دے کر قتل کر دیتے تھے
Concealed
چھپا دینا
Proverbial
ایسی چیز جو مثالی ہو
Ungrateful
نا شکر گزار ہونا
Temperament
مزاج
Dante
اٹلی کا ایک مشہور شاعر تھا


مفہوم


اس مضمون کے اندر مصنف بڑے مزاحیہ انداز سے انسانوں کی فطری جبلت  مہمان یا میزبان ہونے کی کو پیش کرتا ہے ۔ وہ انسانوں کو دو گرہوں میں تقسیم کرتا ہے ۔ ایک گروہ وہ ہے جو پیدائشی میزبان ہوتے ہیں اور دوسرا گروہ وہ ہے جو پیداِشی مہمان ہوتے ہیں۔ مہمان نوازی کی عادت انسان کی مثبت خصوصیت ہے جو آہستہ آہستہ تہذیب کی ترقی کے ساتھ ساتھ پیدا ہوئی۔ لیکن مہمان نوازی کی تاریخ کافی کرب ناک ہے۔ وقت کی ترقی کے ساتھ ساتھ مہمان نوازی  کےطریقے بھی بدل گئے ہیں۔ آج کے دور میں امیروں کو مہمان  نواز سمجھا جاتا ہے اور غریبوں کو اچھا  مہمان سمجھا جاتا ہے حالنکہ ہر امیر مہمان دار  نہیں ہوتا اور ہر غریب مہمان نہیں 
ہوتا  ، حالات اس کے برعکس  بھی ہو سکتے ہیں 

Max Beerbohm is regarded equally the best essayist parodist in addition to cartoonist of his historic menses BA English linguistic communication Modern Essay Hosts in addition to Guests By Max Beerbohm

Sabtu, 18 Maret 2017

Ba English Ane Human Action Play,The Man Child Comes Home

BA English linguistic communication One Act Play   

THE BOY COMES HOME
A.A. Milne
Alan Alexander Milne was a famous comedy writer. The Boy Comes Home’ was written past times him at the halt of the 1st footing war.
The play inwards inquiry is calorie-free comedy which tells us nearly the generations gaps.  There are 2 original characters inwards the play; 1 is uncle James who represents the onetime generation, the other is Philip who represents the immature generation. Uncle James is a bullying in addition to stiff type of homo piece Philip is a immature man child amongst revolutionary ideas. The onetime generation thinks that they are correct all the fourth dimension in addition to they conduct keep the ascendance to impose their volition on the younger generation. But the younger generation amongst the revolutionary ideas is non create to go led past times the olfactory organ past times the onetime generation. This contrast projects laughter inwards the class of the play in addition to the reader is forced to smiling piece going through the play.
Philip is the ward of Uncle James because his manly mortal raise has died , Uncle James who is a rattling therefore called strict beau wants to impose his so- called rules in addition to regulation on Philip, every bit he knows that Philip is forced to comply amongst him.  Uncle James boasts that he has the travelling pocket string every bit visit to Philip. According to the will, he cannot role his coin until he reaches the historic menstruum of 22 years.
Philip is unable to follow these strict rules in addition to regulations of his uncle in addition to he wants to alive of life of his own. He wants to conduct keep the breakfast, tiffin dinner whenever he wants. He wants to smoke cigarettes. He does non wish to bring together Uncle James s’ jam business. One 24-hour interval inwards the morning, uncle James makes upwardly his hear to brand Philip sympathise to follow him if he wants to alive inwards this house. But piece waiting for Philip, he sleeps. The play progresses inwards the dream. Philip comes in addition to Uncle James takes a severe mental attitude against him. He uses the forcefulness of coin against Philip. Philip too uses forcefulness against forcefulness in addition to takes out pistol in addition to bomb from his coat pocket.
Seeing this, Uncle James becomes a moisture truthful cat in addition to agrees amongst Philip. When the dream ends, Philip comes inwards real. Uncle James rattling politely asks him what he wants to do. Philip complies amongst the desires of his uncle in addition to is create to bring together his business.
1.      Write a banking corporation notation on the nature of conflict b/w Philip in addition to James?


Points to remember:
1.      Allan Alexander Milne was a famous comedy author who wrote this play at the halt of First World War
2.      This 1 deed play tells us nearly generation gap
3.      The older generation cannot impose their determination on the younger generation past times force
4.      The older generation thinks that they are ever correct in addition to they conduct keep sum ascendance over the younger generation
5.      The younger generation is non create to go led past times the nose
6.      Uncle James, a therefore called strict mortal nether the costume of imitation strictness wants to learn a lesson to Philip
7.      Philip subsequently serving the regular army for 4 years ,is directly inwards leisure mood
8.      He is non create to obey whatsoever control of Uncle James in addition to goes on violating the rules in addition to regulations made past times Uncle James.
9.      Uncle James sleeps piece waiting for Philip, inwards his dream he takes a severe mental attitude amongst Philip
10.  Philip too uses forcefulness against force, he takes out pistol in addition to bomb from his coat pocket
11.  Seeing this, Uncle James becomes a moisture truthful cat in addition to agrees to Philip arguments
12.  When the dream is over, in addition to then existent Philip comes in addition to agrees to Uncle James rules in addition to regulations  in addition to he wants to bring together his jam business


Ba English Ane Human Action Play,The Man Child Comes Home

BA English linguistic communication One Act Play   

THE BOY COMES HOME
A.A. Milne
Alan Alexander Milne was a famous comedy writer. The Boy Comes Home’ was written past times him at the halt of the 1st footing war.
The play inwards inquiry is calorie-free comedy which tells us nearly the generations gaps.  There are 2 original characters inwards the play; 1 is uncle James who represents the onetime generation, the other is Philip who represents the immature generation. Uncle James is a bullying in addition to stiff type of homo piece Philip is a immature man child amongst revolutionary ideas. The onetime generation thinks that they are correct all the fourth dimension in addition to they conduct keep the ascendance to impose their volition on the younger generation. But the younger generation amongst the revolutionary ideas is non create to go led past times the olfactory organ past times the onetime generation. This contrast projects laughter inwards the class of the play in addition to the reader is forced to smiling piece going through the play.
Philip is the ward of Uncle James because his manly mortal raise has died , Uncle James who is a rattling therefore called strict beau wants to impose his so- called rules in addition to regulation on Philip, every bit he knows that Philip is forced to comply amongst him.  Uncle James boasts that he has the travelling pocket string every bit visit to Philip. According to the will, he cannot role his coin until he reaches the historic menstruum of 22 years.
Philip is unable to follow these strict rules in addition to regulations of his uncle in addition to he wants to alive of life of his own. He wants to conduct keep the breakfast, tiffin dinner whenever he wants. He wants to smoke cigarettes. He does non wish to bring together Uncle James s’ jam business. One 24-hour interval inwards the morning, uncle James makes upwardly his hear to brand Philip sympathise to follow him if he wants to alive inwards this house. But piece waiting for Philip, he sleeps. The play progresses inwards the dream. Philip comes in addition to Uncle James takes a severe mental attitude against him. He uses the forcefulness of coin against Philip. Philip too uses forcefulness against forcefulness in addition to takes out pistol in addition to bomb from his coat pocket.
Seeing this, Uncle James becomes a moisture truthful cat in addition to agrees amongst Philip. When the dream ends, Philip comes inwards real. Uncle James rattling politely asks him what he wants to do. Philip complies amongst the desires of his uncle in addition to is create to bring together his business.
1.      Write a banking corporation notation on the nature of conflict b/w Philip in addition to James?


Points to remember:
1.      Allan Alexander Milne was a famous comedy author who wrote this play at the halt of First World War
2.      This 1 deed play tells us nearly generation gap
3.      The older generation cannot impose their determination on the younger generation past times force
4.      The older generation thinks that they are ever correct in addition to they conduct keep sum ascendance over the younger generation
5.      The younger generation is non create to go led past times the nose
6.      Uncle James, a therefore called strict mortal nether the costume of imitation strictness wants to learn a lesson to Philip
7.      Philip subsequently serving the regular army for 4 years ,is directly inwards leisure mood
8.      He is non create to obey whatsoever control of Uncle James in addition to goes on violating the rules in addition to regulations made past times Uncle James.
9.      Uncle James sleeps piece waiting for Philip, inwards his dream he takes a severe mental attitude amongst Philip
10.  Philip too uses forcefulness against force, he takes out pistol in addition to bomb from his coat pocket
11.  Seeing this, Uncle James becomes a moisture truthful cat in addition to agrees to Philip arguments
12.  When the dream is over, in addition to then existent Philip comes in addition to agrees to Uncle James rules in addition to regulations  in addition to he wants to bring together his jam business


Kamis, 09 Maret 2017

10Th Biological Scientific Discipline Subjective As Well As Objective


class 10th bio total length newspaper objective as well as subjective


Name: _________________________________      10th: Biology-A                                   Time: 30 Mins
                                                                                    Marks: 40
(Objective)
Q. No.1: Choose the correct answer.                                                                                                   (40 x 1 = 40)
           
(1)                Ginger reproduces past times the formation of:
            (A) Rhizomes              (B) Corms                   (C) Bulbs                     (D) Suckers
(2)               The consummate map of human genome was published in:
            (A) 2000                      (B) 2001                      (C) 2002                      (D) 2003
(3)               Increase inward opportunity of pump diseases inward passive smokers:
            (A) twenty - 30%               (B) 25% - 30%            (C) 25% - 40%            (D) 30% - 40%
(4)               The descending limb of loop of Henle allows the reabsorption of:
            (A) Water                    (B) Salts                     (C) Both a as well as b         (D) None of these
(5)               Which are referred every bit brainstem?
            (A) Medulla oblongata                                    (B) Pons                     
(C) Midbrain                                                   (D) All of these
(6)               IPCC was established in:
(a)    1990                      (B) 1992                      (C) 1996                      (D) 1998
(7)               How much poly peptide (dry weight) per patch per twelvemonth is produced past times algae grown inward ponds?
            (A) twenty tons                  (B) 25 tons                 (C) xxx tons                  (D) 35 tons
(8)               Sir Alexander Fleming was awarded Nobel Prize in:
            (A) 1940                      (B) 1945                      (C) 1950                      (D) 1955
(9)               Hallucinogens touching on on:
            (A) Sympathetic nervous organisation                    (B) Parasympathetic nervous organisation
            (C) Both a & b                                                (D) None of these
(10)           The leaflets of corolla are called:
            (A) Petals                    (B) Sepals                    (C) Stamens                (D) Carpels
(11)           The species of bacteria that reproduce past times formation of endospores:
            (A) Clostridium           (B) Bacillus                 (C) Both Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 & B          (D) None of these
(12)           Narrow opening at the flooring of throat which leads to larynx:
            (a) Epiglottis               (b) Glottis                    (c) Nasal Cavity          (d) Nostril
(13)           The waste matter production of carnivorous plants as well as lady finger:
            (a) Resins                    (b) Gums                     (c) Latex                      (d) Mucilage
(14)           How many surgical medical instruments were personally designed past times Abu al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi:
            (a) Less than 200         (b) 200                         (c) Over 200                (d) None of these
(15)           All spinal nerves are:
            (a) Sensory                  (b) Motor                     (c) Mixed                    (d) None of these
(16)           Which is non the constituent of external ear?
(a) Ossicles                  (b) Pinna                      (c) Auditory canal       (d) Ear drum
(17)           When a musculus contracts as well as bends the joint, it is called as:
            (a) Flexor                     (b) Extensor                (c) Flexion                   (d) Extension
(18)           Chemical used inward leather treatment:
            (A) Formic acid           (B) Ethanol                 (C) Glycerol                (D) Acrylic acid
(19)           Which drugs are obtained from animals?
            (A) Fish liver oil          (B) Bee’s wax             (C) Antitoxins             (D) All of these
(20)           In urine chemic composition, the amount of urea:
            (A) 8.9 g/l                    (B) 9.1 g/l                   (C) 9.3 g/l                    (D) 9.5 g/l




(21)           The constituent of encephalon acquaint on the top of medulla:
            (A) Cerebrum              (B) Pons                      (C) Cerebellum            (D) Thalamus
(22)           Blood glucose 2 hours afterward a 75 gram glucose drinkable for pre-diabetic:
            (A) Less than 140 mg/100ml                          (B) From 140 to 200 mg/100ml         
(C) Over 200 mg/100ml                                  (D) From forty to eighty mg/100ml
(23)           Hypogeal germination is found in:
            (A) Maize                    (B) Coconut                (C) Both a & b                        (D) None of these
(24)           In humans, possible issue of chromosomal combinations at fertilization is:
            (A) 70,368,744,177,664                                  (B) 75,364,644,177,664
            (C) 71,368,744,177,664                                  (D) 73,368,744,177,664
(25)           Carpel consists of:
            (A) Stigma                  (B) Style                      (C) Ovary                    (D) All of these
(26)           Date of decease of J. de Lamarck:
            (A) 1740                      (B) 1742                      (C) 1744                      (D) 1829
(27)           Average body of body of water marking ascension inward a year:
            (A) 0.6 cm                   (B) 0.7 cm                   (C) 0.8 cm                   (D) 0.9 cm
(28)           Saccharomyces is used to prepare:
            (A) Formic acid           (B) Ethanol                 (C) Glycerol                (D) Both b & c
(29)           Morphine is derived from:
            (A) Iodine                   (B) Foxglove               (C) Opium                   (D) Aspirin
(30)           Perceptions that convey no footing is reality, but that seem solely realistic:
            (A) Hallucinogens       (B) Narcotics               (C) Emotions               (D) Hallucinations
(31)           The terminate of musculus attached alongside movable bone:
            (A) Extension              (B) Flexion                  (C) Insertion                (D) Origin
(32)           Which vitamin synthesizes rhodopsin?
            (A) A                           (B) B                           (C) C                           (D) D
(33)           Bending of arm at elbow joint:
            (A) Flexor                   (B) Flexion                  (C) Extension              (D) Extensor
(34)           An event of Rhizome is:
(A) Onion                    (B) Garlic                    (C) Ginger                   (D) Potato
(35)           How many plants were used past times Mendel inward his experiments?
            (A) 26,000                   (B) 28,000                   (C) 30,000                   (D) 32,000
(36)           Plants demonstrate contest for:
            (A) Space                    (B) Light                     (C) Water                    (D) All of these
(37)           After ripen ovary alter into::
            (A) Seed                      (B) fruit                       (C)  flower                  (D) nector
(38)           In which twelvemonth Dolly Sheep was produced?
            (A) 1991                      (B) 1993                      (C) 1995                      (D) 1997
(39)           The antigens receive the immune response inward host as well as produce:
            (A) Toxins                   (B) Antitoxins             (C) Antibodies            (D) None of these
(40)           How many lobes are acquaint inward left lung?
            (a) 1                             (b) 2                             (c) 3                             (d) 4








Name: _________________________________      10th: Biology-A                                   Time:2:30 Hours
                                                                                    Marks: 60
(Subjective)
Q.2:     Attempt whatever TEN parts from the following.                                                     (10x2=20)

(i)                 What are the bad effects of smoking on the social life of a person?
(ii)               What are “Goosebumps”?
(iii)             What is gout?
(iv)             What is renal cortex?
(v)               Write names of components of coordinated action.
(vi)             Define brusk sight?
(vii)           What is hippocampus?
(viii)         What is the role of cilia acquaint inward trachea as well as bronchi?
(ix)             What is the departure betwixt dominant as well as recessive alleles?
(x)               What is arthritis?
(xi)             Write 4 characters of insect pollinated flowers.
(xii)           What is hilum?
(xiii)         Define mendel’s police clitoris of independent assortment.

Q.3:     Attempt whatever TEN parts from the following.                                                     (10x2=20)
(i)                 What are pollutants?
(ii)               What are restriction endonucleases?
(iii)             What is a drug?
(iv)             What is the departure betwixt shrewd as well as chronic bronchitis?
(v)               Write the chemic composition of urine.
(vi)             What is lithotripsy?
(vii)           What are interneurons?
(viii)         What is grafting?
(ix)             Explain the role of vasopressin.
(x)               How range calcitonin as well as parathormone complement each other?
(xi)             Briefly clitoris the osteoporosis.
(xii)           Define insertion.
(xiii)         What range you lot know well-nigh dengue fever?

Q.4:     Attempt whatever TEN parts from the following.                                                     (10x2=20)
(i)                 What are endospores?
(ii)               Define alternation of generations.
(iii)             What is departure betwixt spermatogenesis as well as oogenesis?
(iv)             What is the departure betwixt homozygous as well as heterozygous genotype?
(v)               What are bio-geochemical cycles?
(vi)             Write lift of pollutants released past times thermal industries.
(vii)           What is a pharmaceutical drug?
(viii)         What is diamorphine? What is its use?
(ix)             What are disinfectants?
(x)               What are the functions of Nitrosomonas as well as Nitrobacter?
(xi)             What is assimilation?
(xii)           Define artificial selection?

(xiii)         What 2 situations are faced past times foliage cells?